" Look Into It - Bill of Rights

 

 

 

 
  
                                               

welcome

 

 

THE BILL OF RIGHTS

bill of rights
DEC 15,1791

Bill of Rights: A statement of fundamental rights.  The Bill of Rights is not negotiable. 
If you oppose it, you betray not only yourself, but all Americans

 

“Yes, there’s a systematic assault on the Constitution, on the Bill of Rights without any justification, other than political expediency in thinking
you can profit off of frightening the people.”
- Bruce Fein -

Audio Excerpt From: The Erosion of the Constitution and The Right of Habeas Corpus, John Whitehead - Bruce Fein

Watch The Full Video Below

 

 


 

 
James Madison 
Author of the Bill of Rights 
 
1st Amendment  
Freedom of religion, speech, the press, assembly and to petition  
2nd Amendment  
Right to bear arms  
3rd Amendment  
No soldier shall be housed in any home without the consent of the owner  
4th Amendment  
Protection against illegal searches and seizures  
5th Amendment  
Lists 5 important rights of people involved with the justice system  
warrant  
An order from a judge that allows the police to take a certain action (example: search)  
self-incrimination  
Giving testimony that can be used against oneself  
defendants  
An accused person who is put on trial for a crime  
6th Amendment  
Lists the rights to provide an accused person with a fair trial  
7th Amendment  
People involve in a civil case have a right to a trial by jury  
8th Amendment  
Concerns a person's rights before (bail) and after (punishment) trial  
9th Amendment  
People retain certain rights not listed in the Bill of Rights  
10th Amendment  
States Rights - Powers not given to the national governments by the Constitution are "reserved to the states.... or to the people"  


 

 

 

SOME BACKGROUND

 

   

 


  

 

“Yes, there’s a systematic assault on the Constitution, on the Bill of Rights without any justification, other than political expediency in thinking
you can profit off of frightening the people.”
- Bruce Fein -


The Erosion of the Constitution
and The Right of Habeas Corpus
  

Friendly Fire with John Whitehead - Bruce Fein | Jun 25, 2007

Political maverick Bruce Fein tackles Congress, the erosion of the Constitution and the right of habeas corpus in this Friendly Fire with John Whitehead. Fein, the former associate deputy attorney general under President Ronald Reagan, commands impressive experience and influence in the corridors of both national and international power. He is the chairman of the American Freedom Agenda, which works to restore the Constitution's checks and balances and prevent abuses of power.

 

 

 


virus at the signing of the constitution
What good are constitutional rights if they are violated
when Americans get sick?

https://m.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/mar/25/what-good-are-constitutional-rights-if-they-are-vi/?fbclid=IwAR2omlAATIuPtxFOi0YmcmiHMlTZeov0ndkQ5LiASMvK9WukfMSxf6tcbXg


Excerpts Read by Chuck Baldwin in Sermon: "The Plague Of His Own Heart"

 

By Andrew P. Napolitano -
Wednesday, March 25, 2020

ANALYSIS/OPINION:

“Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety.”

 — Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

One of my Fox colleagues recently sent me an email attachment of a painting of the framers signing the Constitution of the United States. Except in this version, George Washington — who presided at the Constitutional Convention — looks at James Madison — who was the scrivener at the Convention — and says, “None of this counts if people get sick, right?”

In these days of state governors issuing daily decrees purporting to criminalize the exercise of our personal freedoms, the words put into Washington’s mouth are only mildly amusing. Had Washington actually asked such a question, Madison, of all people, would likely have responded: “No. This document protects our natural rights at all times and under all circumstances.”

It is easy, 233 years later, to offer that hypothetical response, particularly since the Supreme Court has done so already when, as readers of this column will recall, Abraham Lincoln suspended the constitutionally guaranteed writ of habeas corpus — the right to be brought before a judge upon arrest — only to be rebuked by the Supreme Court.

The famous line above by Benjamin Franklin, though uttered in a 1755 dispute between the Pennsylvania legislature and the state’s governor over taxes, nevertheless provokes a truism.

Namely, that since our rights come from our humanity, not from the government, foolish people can only sacrifice their own freedoms, not the freedoms of others.

Thus, freedom can only be taken away when the government proves fault at a jury trial. This protection is called procedural due process, and it, too, is guaranteed in the Constitution.

Of what value is a constitutional guarantee if it can be violated when people get sick? If it can, it is not a guarantee; it is a fraud. Stated differently, a constitutional guarantee is only as valuable and reliable as is the fidelity to the Constitution of those in whose hands we have reposed it for safekeeping.

Because the folks in government, with very few exceptions, suffer from what St. Augustine called libido dominandi — the lust to dominate — when they are confronted with the age-old clash of personal liberty versus government force, they will nearly always come down on the side of force.

How do they get away with this? By scaring the daylights out of us. I never thought I’d see this in my lifetime, though our ancestors saw this in every generation. In America today, we have a government of fear. Machiavelli offered that men obey better when they fear you than when they love you. Sadly, he was right, and the government in America knows this.

But Madison knew this as well when he wrote the Constitution. And he knew it four years later when he wrote the Bill of Rights. He intentionally employed language to warn those who lust to dominate that, however they employ governmental powers, the Constitution is “the Supreme Law of the Land” and all government behavior in America is subject to it.

Even if the legislature of the State of New York ordered, as my friend Gov. Andrew Cuomo — who as the governor, cannot write laws that incur criminal punishment — has ordered, it would be invalid as prohibited by the Constitution.

This is not a novel or an arcane argument. This is fundamental American law. Yet, it is being violated right before our eyes by the very human beings we have elected to uphold it. And each of them — every governor interfering with the freedom to make one’s own choices — has taken an express oath to comply with the Constitution.

You want to bring the family to visit grandma? You want to engage in a mutually beneficial, totally voluntary commercial transaction? You want to go to work? You want to celebrate Mass? These are all now prohibited in one-third of the United States.

I tried and failed to find Mass last Sunday. When did the Catholic Church become an agent of the state? How about an outdoor Mass?

What is the nature of freedom? It is an unassailable natural claim against all others, including the government. Stated differently, it is your unconditional right to think as you wish, to say what you think, to publish what you say, to associate with whomever wishes to be with you no matter their number, to worship or not, to defend yourself, to own and use property as you see fit, to travel where you wish, to purchase from a willing seller, to be left alone. And to do all this without a government permission slip.

What is the nature of government? It is the negation of freedom. It is a monopoly of force in a designated geographic area. When elected officials fear that their base is slipping, they will feel the need to do something — anything — that will let them claim to be enhancing safety. Trampling liberty works for that odious purpose. Hence a decree commanding obedience, promising safety and threatening punishment.

These decrees — issued by those who have no legal authority to issue them, enforced by cops who hate what they are being made to do, destructive of the freedoms that our forbearers shed oceans of blood to preserve and crushing economic prosperity by violating the laws of supply and demand — should all be rejected by an outraged populace, and challenged in court.

These challenges are best filed in federal courts, where those who have trampled our liberties will get no special quarter. I can tell you from my prior life as a judge that most state governors fear nothing more than an intellectually honest, personally courageous, constitutionally faithful federal judge.

Fight fear with fear.

Andrew P. Napolitano, a former judge of the Superior Court of New Jersey, is a regular contributor to The Washington Times. He is the author of nine books on the U.S. Constitution.


 

Look Into It | Apr 18, 2020

What good are constitutional rights if they are violated when Americans get sick?
By Andrew P. Napolitano - Wednesday, March 25, 2020

ANALYSIS/OPINION:

“Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety.” — Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

One of my Fox colleagues recently sent me an email attachment of a painting of the framers signing the Constitution of the United States. Except in this version, George Washington — who presided at the Constitutional Convention — looks at James Madison — who was the scrivener at the Convention — and says, “None of this counts if people get sick, right?”

In these days of state governors issuing daily decrees purporting to criminalize the exercise of our personal freedoms, the words put into Washington’s mouth are only mildly amusing. Had Washington actually asked such a question, Madison, of all people, would likely have responded: “No. This document protects our natural rights at all times and under all circumstances.”

----------------------

Excerpts Read by Chuck Baldwin: Sermon Titled: "The Plague Of His Own Heart"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pM8CQ1wNQ-0
https://chuckbaldwinlive.com/

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Look Into It
https://www.bitchute.com/channel/lookintoit/

 

 

 


 

 

Lookintoit.org Disclaimer: The information posted is for educational purposes, and as with all videos and articles on this site, doesn't necessarily constitute an endorsement of all an author's views and opinions.
 

And Now See How Your Liberty Is Coming to An End

 

 

 

 

 

Trends In The Battle For Liberty

LINKS:

Psywars - The Selling Out of Alex Jones/Infowars

NDAA | TSA | Health Care | Euthanasia (The Case For Killing Granny) | Abortion Genocide! | Depopulation Agenda |

Free Speech | FCC Plan to Censor Internet | STEPS TO GUARD YOUR VOTE | The NSA (National Security Agency) |

Big Brother/Sis And Surveillance Systems | TOTAL POPULATION CONTROL | The Patriot Act | I.R.S. | 2nd Amendment |

THE VICTORY PROCESS | What Can We Do?

 

 

 

 

The Bill of Rights are under attack!


The Bill of Rights are under attack, we must restore our nation again!

 

 

 

 

 

Fourth Turning

 

Strauss & Howe's 1991 book "Generations" presented a cyclical theory of history, driven and timed to generations. It predicted the timing of the financial crisis that hit about 18 years later. In their 1997 book, "The Fourth Turning" they elaborated on the theory and focused on the crisis phase we have now entered — a phase of societal revolution that has usually brought war, in a trend they established back to the mid-1400's.

This report was originally uploaded in Jan 2013.

 

 

 

 

 

Trump Administration Wants
Permanent Repeal of the 4th Amendment

RonPaulLibertyReport
Published on Aug 19, 2019

Departing Director of National Intelligence Dan Coats sent Congress a letter requesting that several features of the misnamed USA FREEDOM Act be made permanent, allowing the US government to spy in Americans in perpetuity. The Trump Administration wants to be able to intercept phone calls and text messages as well as snoop into business records and other violations of the Fourth Amendment. The FREEDOM Act was passed after Ed Snowden revealed that the NSA was illegally spying on American citizens. Falsely advertised as "reform," the replacement bill only made "legal" the illegality of the PATRIOT Act. Will Americans find the will to oppose this creeping tyranny?


Carroll Quigley, Georgetown University Professor and mentor to former president Bill Clinton, explained in his books Tragedy and Hope and The Anglo-American Establishment, how the elite maintained a silent dictatorship while fooling people into thinking they had political freedom, by creating squabbles between the two parties in terms of slogans and leadership, while all the time controlling both from the top down and pursuing the same agenda.

Link: General Summary/Crash Course

 

 

 

 

The Tenth Amendment Center

- Michael Boldin -

Nullify Everything!

Tenth Amendment Center | 3/25/18

A $1.3 trillion budget and $21 trillion in debt.
Democrats and republicans are in it together.
It's time to nullify all their unconstitutional acts!

national debt 

_____________________________________________________

Quarantine: States, Feds and the Constitutions

Tenth Amendment Center | 3/18/20

A national emergency declaration, and many others on the state and local level too. Looking at the leading constitutionalist views of what can and can't be done.

https://tenthamendmentcenter.com

Show Notes

____________________________________________________

"I believe there are more instances of the abridgement of the freedom of the people by gradual and silent encroachments of those in power than by violent and sudden usurpation."
- James Madison -

 

"The essence of government is power; and power, lodged as it must be in human hands,
will ever be liable to abuse."

- James Madison -

 

"The people didn't fight the British to be brought under despotic rule under the notion of
'strong government,' or in form of elective despotism."

- Richard Henry Lee -

  

Links: 
FALSE LEFT/RIGHT PARADIGM | NULLIFICATION | General Summary/Crash Course

 

  

 

 

 

Natural Rights:
Liberty Doesn't Need a Government Permission Slip

Even though many people credit Thomas Jefferson for the natural rights principles in the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson himself pointed out that he didn’t invent those ideas. Instead, he wrote, he had adopted the "harmonizing sentiments of the day," views which were widely accepted and understood. From 1764 to 1776, Americans produced a rich series of pamphlets, resolutions and speeches which he based those principles on.

Path to Liberty: December 14, 2020

JOIN TAC: https://tenthamendmentcenter.com/members/
Show Archives: https://tenthamendmentcenter.com/pathtoliberty/
Subscribe and Review on Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/path-to-liberty/id1440549211

 

 

 

 

"We have arrived at a period in American and world history when being awake is of utmost importance. Being in a position of leadership and yet asleep to critical issues at such a time will certainly lead to the ‘disastrous results..." 
-- An excerpt from, Asleep A
t The Switch: An Open Letter to America's Pastors

Asleep at the switch: An Open Letter to America's Pastors 

Asleep at the switch: An Open Letter to America's Pastors

 

 

N A T I O N A L D E B T ! ! ! ! ! !

Visit USADebtClock.com to learn more!
 

How Tyranny Rises and Freedom Dies

RutherfordInstitute | May 10, 2018

It is easy to be distracted right now by the circus politics that dominate the news headlines. But stop being distracted. Don’t be fooled, not even a little, no matter how tempting it seems to just take a peek. Why? We’re being subjected to the oldest con game in the books, the magician’s sleight of hand that keeps you focused on the shell game in front of you while your wallet is being picked clean by ruffians in your midst. As John W. Whitehead warns in this episode of On Target, this is how tyranny rises and freedom falls. https://www.rutherford.org

 

 

 

 

 

Why Americans must say,
"I Will Not Comply"

Technocracy News & Trends | Premiered Jul 22, 2020

Nonstop propaganda from national media continues to frighten people into mental paralysis and submission to health authorities. This Technocrat-led tsunami can only be resisted by
individuals who refuse to play their assigned role in the Great Panic of 2020.
 

 

 

 


 

 

 

the bill of rights

Dr. Benjamin Rush

"Education is favorable to Liberty. Freedom can only exist in a society of knowledge. Without learning, men are incapable of knowing their rights, and where learning is confined to a few people, Liberty can neither be equal nor universal."

 

 





 

The Dumbing-Down of America
MAN ON THE STREET
WITH MARK DICE

 Lookintoit.org Disclaimer: The information posted is for educational purposes, and as with all videos and articles on this site, doesn't necessarily constitute an endorsement of all an author's views and opinions.

 


Obama Zombies Sign Petition Supporting
Infanticide 
as Part of Obama Care
(Post-Birth Abortion)
 

 

 

 

 

Obama Supporters Petition to Repeal
the
FIRST AMENDMENT. Seriously! Watch!

Obama Supporters Petition to Repeal the FIRST AMENDMENT. Seriously. They Did. Watch.

 

 

 

 

Obama Supporters Sign Petition to Repeal
the
BILL OF RIGHTS to Support the President

Mark Dice asks California beach goers if they'll sign a petition showing support for Obama in his quest to repeal the Bill of Rights.

 

 

 

 

 

People sign petition to "increase inflation to 100%"
to cause
hyperinflation.

Mark Dice is a media analyst, political activist, and author who likes to cause trouble for the New World Order, Big Brother, and the elite Illuminati scumbags. Check out his books in paperback on Amazon.com,
or ebooks on Kindle, Nook, iBooks or Google Play.

 

 

 

 


 

Obama Care Supporters Petition to "Add Carcinogens"
to the Water Supply (Cancer Causing Chemicals) 

Obama Care Supporters Sign Petition to "Add Carcinogens" Into the Water Supply To Help Keep Health Care Costs Down.

 

 

 

 

 

The Petition for "Mandatory Euthanasia"
for Senior Citizens Under Obama Care!

"Mandatory Euthanasia" for Senior Citizens to Be Part of Obama Care? Media analyst and author Mark Dice asks random people if they'll sign a petition to support the "mandatory" euthanasia provision in Obama Care to help keep healthcare costs down by putting senior citizens to sleep. Shot in San Diego, California.

 

 

 

 

 

Obama Care Supporters Plan to Add Birth Control to Water Supply

 Obama Care Supporters Sign Petition to Add Sterilants to Water Supply To Reduce Birthrates.

 

 

 

 

 

"I Support an Orwellian Police State in America"

Political prankster Mark Dice asks San Diego beach-goers if they'll sign a petition supporting "the Police State" which includes "Orwellian" and "Nazi-Style" tactics to "keep Americans safe" in this "Brave New World."

 

 

 

 

Zombified Youth Of America Believe Martin Luther King Died Last Week In A Car Accident

Will “probably catch the funeral on TV”

Steve Watson
Infowars.com
Nov 11, 2013

Activist prankster Mark Dice is back with another video this week, highlighting the ongoing zombification of the youth of America as he asks people for their reaction to the “recent death of Martin Luther King”.

Of course, the iconic civil rights leader was assassinated some 45 years ago now, but not one single person Dice interviewed seemed aware of this fact. Indeed they fully believed Dice when he told them that King had been run over by a car in Washington DC and died of internal injuries at the age of 84.

“I think it’s bad that he died, but other that that, y’know we just got to move forward from here, y’know and just change things.” said one man, stuttering over his scrambled response.

“That’s too bad, I don’t know what to say,” added another man, clearly unaware of who King was or what he stood for.”

 

Forgetting Martin Luther King and His Legacy

 

“A lot of my friends are black people, I love black people.” said another man.

While some of those Dice interviewed knew who King was, they seemed blissfully unaware that King died in 1968, shot down in Memphis after devoting 13 years of his life to the civil rights movement.

“I just think a lot of people can learn from him, and his legacy should continue on.” another person told Dice, ignorant of the fact that the Nobel Peace Prize winner’s legacy has been living on for four decades already.

When Dice asked another man if he would be attending King’s funeral next week, he replied “No, but I wish I could though. I can’t make it.”

“I don’t know,” replied another, adding “where is the funeral? I would but I don’t have any money. I’ll probably just watch it on TV.”

“I will be watching.” said another man who declared that MLK had “done a lot for African Americans.”

When King was assassinated, Americans took to the streets as riots broke out in many U.S. cities. Clearly, as Dice’s video demonstrates, should any leading anti-establishment figure be killed today, the majority would probably opt to watch TV, or skateboard instead.

Dice has recently filmed himself asking Americans for their views on Al Qaeda building a base on the Moon, and Mount Rushmore being torn down to pay off government debt.

He has also regularly enticed people to sign petitions to implement a Nazi police state in America, to support repealing the Bill Of Rights, banning the First and Second Amendments, as well as throwing gun owners in prison, and enforcing mandatory euthanasia of elderly people.

Dice also recently gathered many signatures on a petition to grant President Obama complete immunity to commit any crimes he wishes while in office.

—————————————————————-

Steve Watson is the London based writer and editor for Alex Jones’ Infowars.com, and Prisonplanet.com. He has a Masters Degree in International Relations from the School of Politics at The University of Nottingham, and a Bachelor Of Arts Degree in Literature and Creative Writing from Nottingham Trent University.

This article was posted: Monday, November 11, 2013 at 12:42 pm

Tags:

 

 

 

Young Americans Think President John F. Kennedy Died
THIS MORNING IN A CAR ACCIDENT!!! 

Young Americans think President John F. Kennedy Died THIS MORNING IN A CAR ACCIDENT!!! Filmed in San Diego, California.

 

 

LINK: Educational System Dismantlement

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ambush / Undercover Journalism

Students Sign Petition To Have Gun Owners Executed In Concentration Camps

College kids To Activist Prankster: “No Problem!” “sounds about right.”

Steve Watson
Infowars.com
February 3, 2014

Political prankster Mark Dice has once again documented how many young Americans are completely disconnected from reality, capturing California college students signing a fake petition to imprison all legal gun owners in concentration camps and even to have them executed.

“We just want to make sure we disarm the citizens. We can trust the government to be the only ones with guns.” Dice said to students on campus in San Diego, while they unquestioningly signed the petition to “repeal the Second Amendment.”

“These peasants don’t need guns,” Dice stated, adding “We want to put all registered gun owners in prison,” prompting one student to replay “Yes, it’s too dangerous.” for people to own guns.

“It’s just a simple repeal of the Second Amendment and we’ll be terminating and executing all of the gun owners.” Dice told another signatory who replied “OK, thank you.” and walked off.

 

 

“We are going to ban all guns except for the military and police.” Dice told another student, who signed the petition. “We’ll do door to door confiscations, we have lists of all the registered weapons, so the military will just go and take those away from people.” Dice added. “Ok.” the student replied.

Another male student signed the petition even though Dice suggested confiscating gun owners’ weapons and shooting them with them. “If they like their guns so much, lets just feed the gun owners some of their own lead.” Dice ludicrously said.

“I didn’t think I could get any more ridiculous.” Dice stated after the student thanked him and went about his day.

But he did get more ridiculous. “We need to take these gun owners and put them into FEMA concentration camps to keep everybody safe.” Dice told a skateboarding jock who replied “well I agree with you there, keep them safe.” Although he refused to sign “something I don’t know anything about,” which is something the next student did not consider as he replied “sounds about right” to Dice’s FEMA camp suggestion.

Several other students then happily signed the petition, with responses such as “no problem!” as Dice suggested putting Americans in detention camps and killing them.

Dice has now successfully managed to persuade Americans in his area to agree to repeal the First, Second, Third, Fourth , Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Amendments, as well as the entire Bill Of Rights.

—————————————————————-

Steve Watson is the London based writer and editor for Alex Jones’ Infowars.com, and Prisonplanet.com. He has a Masters Degree in International Relations from the School of Politics at The University of Nottingham, and a Bachelor Of Arts Degree in Literature and Creative Writing from Nottingham Trent University.

This article was posted: Monday, February 3, 2014 at 12:33 pm

Tags: ,

 

LINKS :

REX 84 | Fema Camps | Fema Camps 2 | Re-education Camps | Gun Control Leads To Genocide |

Troops Ordered To Kill All Americans Who Do Not Turn In Guns

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VIDEO: Students FAIL To Name Any of The Bill Of Rights
“Shame On You”: American youth has no clue about their own freedoms


 

Steve Watson
Infowars.com
February 14, 2014

 

Highlighting how woefully out of touch with US freedoms and rights the youth of America is, Students at UC San Diego failed to name any of the Bill Of Rights when questioned by activist Mark Dice during a recent campus visit.

As Dice grabbed passing students to ask them about their knowledge of the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, he drew a mixture of blank expressions and excuses.

“Can you name some of the Bill Of Rights?” Dice asked a male student.

“Dude, I think I need to take a quiz.” the student replied, clearly desperate to get away because he did not know any of the Bill Of Rights.

“I’m quizzing you right now… and this quiz I’m giving you right now is way more important than whatever quiz you’re taking in a few minutes.” Dice told the student.

 

 

“I have homework due in two hours.” another student responded, before admitting he could not name any of first ten amendments.

“You’re a college student at one of the most prestigious in Southern California, and you don’t know the basic Bill Of Rights, shame on you.” Dice told the young man.

“Yeah, yeah, I agree.” the student agreed looking completely mortified.

“Oh I don’t know anything about that.” said a female student to Dice’s remark that he was talking about the Bill Of Rights.

“You’re going to make me feel embarrassed,” the girl said while laughing as Dice told her she is “part of the problem,” and “the reason this country is going down the toilet.”

“I remember studying it, but I don’t remember it,” another student listlessly stated before making the same tired excuse of “I have to go study.”

“Are you going to study the Bill of Rights given that you don’t know them,” Dice responded. “No I’m going to study economics,” the student said, prompting Dice to reply “Sure, you’re going to do good in that when you don’t even know The Bill Of Rights.”

Of all the people Dice was able to interview on camera, one student was able to name “Freedom of Speech” as part of the Bill Of Rights, before stating “and that’s the only one I know.”

“So you just earned a 10%, that’s a big failure,” Dice told him, to which the student said “I’m sorry, how about you name ten of them,” prompting Dice to rattle off all ten amendments in quick succession.

“Gotcha, impressive. I appreciate all that information.” The student told Dice before shaking his hand.

Just two weeks ago, Media analyst Dice documented how many young Americans are completely disconnected from reality, capturing students signing a fake petition to imprison all legal gun owners in concentration camps and even to have them executed.

He has also successfully managed to persuade Americans to agree to repeal the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Amendments, as well as the entire Bill Of Rights (even though many do not know what they are).

Dice continues to call out Americans and highlight the ignorance of many, in an effort to demonstrate how the value of basic freedoms is being destroyed.

—————————————————————-

Steve Watson is the London based writer and editor for Alex Jones’ Infowars.com, and Prisonplanet.com. He has a Masters Degree in International Relations from the School of Politics at The University of Nottingham, and a Bachelor Of Arts Degree in Literature and Creative Writing from Nottingham Trent University.

This article was posted: Monday, February 17, 2014 at 11:40 am

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Video: Americans Want Obama to Repeal the Bill of Rights

Respondents blithely agree that liberties should be completely eviscerated in the name of fighting ISIS

 

 

by Paul Joseph Watson | January 26, 2015

 

Beachgoers in San Diego blithely agreed that President Barack Obama should be given the power to completely repeal the Bill of Rights in the name of fighting ISIS in another disturbing insight into the unthinking malaise of many Americans.

 

 

Told by media analyst and author Mark Dice that Obama had announced he was to repeal the Bill of Rights in order to “help make sure that we can keep everybody safe here in the homeland,” almost all the respondents agreed that eliminating constitutional rights was perfectly reasonable.

Asked, “Is that the right decision – should we get behind Obama to make sure the ISIS threat doesn’t rear its head here in America?,” one man responded, “Yeah I would agree with that,” before adding, “Only time will tell whether it’s the right or wrong decision,” agreeing with Dice that Obama’s political advisors “know what’s best”.

When another woman was told that both Republicans and Democrats were supporting the move to repeal the Bill of Rights, she responded, “Well if they’re agreeing on something then maybe it is a good thing,” before Dice adds, “It’s what’s best for the new world order.” “Well, let’s do it, let’s get behind it” urges the woman.

Given “what happened overseas in Paris,” another man agrees that if the “experts” think the Bill of Rights should be repealed then Americans should support the move.

Dice then interviews a woman who “absolutely” supports the move to repeal the Bill of Rights “for our own good” and to stop ISIS attacks. The woman then admits she is drunk and probably shouldn’t be doing interviews.

Another man unflinchingly expressed his view that it would be “best for the country” to repeal the Bill of Rights and “modernize” the new world order. “That sounds great to me,” he exclaims.

“Whatever he wants to do it’s probably best for the country,” agrees another woman before adding, “Go Obama!”

Dice’s video once again underscores how Americans will dispense with critical thinking and go along with virtually anything if asked about it in a calm and assertive manner. Note how Dice nods his head as he is asking the question, prompting instantaneous fealty and obsequiousness from each individual.

Last week, Dice also trolled San Diegans by telling them that Martin Luther King, who was murdered nearly 47 years ago, had just died. Instead of correcting him, the respondents went on to concur with several other erroneous claims, such as King being the first African-American to walk on the moon and the first African-American to appear on Mt. Rushmore.

The beachgoers seem to be particularly fervent about relinquishing constitutional rights. In number of separate videos, Dice gets them to agree to repealing the 1st amendment, the 4th amendment and the 5th amendment.

In another segment, college students sign a petition to imprison all registered gun owners, while in another video San Diegans support a move to confiscate guns from Tea Party members and repeal the 2nd amendment.

Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/paul.j.watson.71
FOLLOW Paul Joseph Watson @ https://twitter.com/PrisonPlanet 

*********************

 

LINKS:

Bill of Rights | The Constitution | Your Rights | Free Speech | Miranda Rights | Habeas Corpus |

FCC Plan to Censor Internet

 

 

 

FALSE LEFT/RIGHT PARADIGM
LINK: FALSE LEFT/RIGHT PARADIGM

 

 

 


 

 

 

DOWNLOAD THE CITIZEN'S RULE BOOK PDF HERE:

http://www.apfn.org/pdf/citizen.pdf 

The Citizen’s Rule Book

CITIZENS RULE BOOK

“Where the spirit of the Lord is, there is Liberty.” Corinthians 3:17

Rights Come From God!

 

JURY HANDBOOK

A Palladium of Liberty

LINCOLN said “Study the Constitution!”

“Let it be preached from the pulpit, proclaimed in legislatures, and enforced in courts of justice.”

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RIGHTS COME FROM GOD, NOT THE STATE!

“You have rights antecedent to all earthly governments; rights that cannot be repealed or restrained by human laws;

rights derived from the Great Legislator of the Universe.” John Adams, Second President of the United States

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SEC. I A HANDBOOK FOR JURORS

Jury Duty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

You are above the Law! . . . . . . . 4

Jury Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Law of the Land . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Ten Commandments . . . . . . . . 8

Communist Manifesto . . . . . . . . 8

Give Up Rights? . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Jury Tampering? . . . . . . . . . . 11

SEC. II GIVE ME LIBERTY ...

Patrick Henry Shocked . . . . . . . . 15

Jury of Peers . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Freedom for William Penn . . . . . . 18

Jefferson’s Warnings! . . . . . . . . 20

SEC. III ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS

Index to the documents . . . . . . . . . . 21

The Declaration of Independence . . . . . . 26

(Original Title—Page 26)

The Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . 32

The Bill of Rights . . . . . . . . . . . 49

SEC. 1 A HANDBOOK FOR JURORS

“...That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of Freedom...” Abraham Lincoln

JURY DUTY!

The purpose of this booklet is to revive, as Jefferson put it, “The Ancient Principles.” It is not

designed to promote lawlessness or a return to the jungle. The “Ancient Principles” refer to the

Ten Commandments and the Common Law. The Common Law is, in simple terms, just plain

common sense and has its roots in the Ten Commandments.

In 1776 we came out of BONDAGE with FAITH, UNDERSTANDING and COURAGE. Even

against great odds, and with much bloodshed, we battled our way to achieve LIBERTY.

LIBERTY is that delicate balance between the force of government and FREEWILL of man.

LIBERTY brings FREEDOM of choice to work, to trade, to go and live where one wishes; it

leads to ABUNDANCE. ABUNDANCE, if made an end to itself, will result in

COMPLACENCY, which leads to APATHY. APATHY is the “let George do it” philosophy.

This always brings DEPENDENCY. For a period of time, dependents are often not aware they

are dependent. They delude themselves by thinking that they are still free—

“We never had it so good.”—“We can still vote, can’t we?” Eventually abundance diminishes

and DEPENDENCY becomes known by its true nature:

BONDAGE!

There are few ways out of bondage. Bloodshed and war often result, but our founding fathers

learned of a better way. Realizing that a CREATOR is always above and greater than that

which He creates, they established a three vote system by which an informed citizenry can

control those acting in the name of the government. To be a good master you must always

remember the true “pecking order” or chain of command in this nation:

1. GOD created man . . .

2. Man (that’s you) created the Constitution . . .

3. Constitution created government . . .

4. Government created corporations . .etc.

The base of power was to remain in WE THE PEOPLE but unfortunately, it was lost to those

leaders acting in the name of the government, such as politicians, bureaucrats, judges, lawyers,

etc.

As a result America began to function like a democracy instead of a REPUBLIC. A democracy

is dangerous because it is a one-vote system as opposed to a Republic, which is a three-vote

system: Three votes to check tyranny, not just one. American citizens have not been informed

of their other two votes.

Our first vote is at the polls on election-day when we pick those who are to represent us in the

seats of government. But what can be done if those elected officials just don’t perform as

promised or expected? Well, the second two votes are the most effective means by which the

common people of any nation on earth have even had in controlling those appointed to serve

them in government.

The second vote comes when you serve on a Grand Jury. Before anyone can be brought to trial

for a capital or infamous crime by those acting in the name of the government, permission must

be obtained from people serving on the Grand Jury! The Minneapolis Star and Tribune in

March 27, 1987, edition noted a purpose of the grand Jury in this way:

“A Grand Jury’s purpose is to protect the public from an overzealous prosecutor.”

The third is the most powerful vote: this is when you are acting as a jury member during a

courtroom trial. At this point, “the buck stops” with you! It is in this setting that each JUROR

has MORE POWER than the President, all of Congress, and all of the judges combined!

Congress can legislate (make law), the President or some other bureaucrat can make an order or

issue regulations, and judges may instruct or make a decision, but no JUROR can ever be

punished for voting “Not Guilty!” Any juror can, with impunity, choose to disregard the

instructions of any judge or attorney in rendering his vote. If only one JUROR should vote

“Not Guilty” for any reason, there is no conviction and no punishment at the end of the trial.

Thus, those acting in the name of government must come before the common man to get

permission to enforce law.

YOU ARE ABOVE THE LAW!

As a JUROR in a trial setting, when it comes to your individual vote of innocent or guilty, you

are truly answerable to GOD ALMIGHTY. The First Amendment to the Constitution was born

out of this great concept. However, judges of today refuse to inform JURORS of their

RIGHTS. THe Minneapolis Star and Tribune in a news paper article appearing in its November

30, 1984 edition, entitled: “What Judges Don’t Tell Juries” stated:

“At the time of adoption of the Constitution, the jury’s role as a defense against political

oppression was unquestioned in American jurisprudence. This nation survived until the

1850’s, when prosecutions under the Fugitive Slave Act were largely unsuccessful because

juries refused to convict.”

“Then judges began to erode the institution of free juries, leading to the absurd compromise that

is the current state of the law. While our courts uniformly state juries have the power to return

a verdict of not guilty whatever the facts, they routinely tell jurors the opposite.”

“Further, the courts will not allow the defendants or their counsel to inform the jurors of their

true power. A lawyer who made . . . Hamilton’s argument would face professional discipline

and charges of contempt of court.”

“By what logic should juries have the power to acquit a defendant but no right to know about

that power? The court decisions that have suppressed the notion of jury nullification cannot

resolve this paradox.”

“More than logic has suffered. As originally conceived, juries were to be made a safety valve

way to soften the bureaucratic rigidity of the judicial system by introducing the common sense

of the community. If they are to function effectively as the ‘conscience of the community,’

jurors must be told that they have the power and the right to say no to a prosecution in order to

achieve a greater good. To cut jurors off from this information is to undermine one of our most

important institutions.”

“Perhaps the community should educate itself. Then citizens called for jury duty could teach

the judges a needed lesson in civics.”

This booklet is designed to bring to your attention one important way our nation’s founders

provided to insure that you, (not the growing army of politicians, judges, lawyers, and

bureaucrats) rule this nation. it will focus on the rule of power you possess as a JUROR, how

you got it, why you have it, and remind you of the basis on which you must decide not only the

facts placed in evidence but also the validity or applicability of every law, rule, regulation,

ordinance, or instruction given by any man seated as a judge or attorney when you serve as a

JUROR.

One JUROR can stop tyranny with a “NOT GUILTILY VOTE!” He can nullify bad law in any

case, by “HANGING THE JURY!”

“I am only one, but I am one. I cannot do everything, but I can do something. What I can do, I

should do and, with the help of God, I will do!” Everett Hale

The only power the judge has over the JURY is their ignorance!

JURY RIGHTS

“The jury has the right to judge both the law as well as the fact in controversy.” John Jay, 1st

Chief Justice U.S. supreme Court, 1789

“The jury has the right to determine both the law and the facts.” Samuel Chase, U.S. supreme

Court Justice, 1796, Signer of the unanimous Declaration

“The jury has the power to bring a verdict in the teeth of both law and fact.” Oliver Wendell

Holmes, U.S. supreme Court Justice, 1902

“The law itself is on trial quite as much as the cause which is to be decided.” Harlan F. Stone,

12th Chief Justice U.S. supreme Court, 1941

“The pages of history shine on instances of the jury’s exercise of its prerogative to disregard

instructions of the judge...” U.S. vs. Dougherty, 473 F 2nd 1113, 1139. (1972)

LAW OF THE LAND

The general misconception is that any statute passed by legislators bearing the appearance of

law constitutes the law of the land. The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and

any statute, to be valid, must be in agreement. It is impossible for a law, which violates the

Constitution to be valid. This is succinctly stated as follows:

“All laws which are repugnant to the Constitution are null and void.” Marbury vs. Madison, 5

US (2 Cranch) 137, 174, 176, (1803)

“When rights secured by the Constitution are involved, there can be no rule making or

legislation which would abrogate them.” Miranda vs. Arizona, 384 US 436 p. 491.

“An unconstitutional act is not law; it confers no rights; it imposes no duties; affords no

protection; it creates no office; it is in legal contemplation, as inoperative as though it had never

been passed.” Norton vs. Shelby County 118 US 425 p. 442

“The general rule is that an unconstitutional statute, though having the form and name of law, is

in reality no law, but is wholly void, and ineffective for any purpose; since unconstitutionality

dates from the time of its enactment, and not merely from the date of the decision so branding

it.

“No one is bound to obey an unconstitutional law and no courts are bound to enforce it.” 16

Am Jur 2nd, Sec 177 late 2d, Sec 256

 

 


 

 

 

A SUMMARY OF THE TEN COMMANDMENTS

 

The TEN COMMANDMENTS represent GOD’S GOVERNMENT OVER MAN! GOD

commands us for our own good to give up wrongs and not rights! HIS system always results in

LIBERTY and FREEDOM! The Constitution and the Bill of Rights are built on this foundation,

which provides for punitive justice. It is not until one damages another persons property that he

can be punished. The Marxist system leads to bondage and GOD’S system leads to LIBERTY!

Read very carefully:

1. Thou shalt have no other gods before Me.

2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image.

3. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain.

4. Remember the Sabbath to keep it Holy.

5. Honor thy father and thy mother.

6. Thou shalt not murder.

7. Thou shalt not commit adultery.

8. Thou shalt not steal.

9. Thou shalt not bear false witness.

10. Thou shalt not covet.

 

Directly above the Chief Justice’s chair is a tablet signifying the TEN COMMANDMENTS.

When the Speaker of the House in the U.S. Congress looks up, his eyes look into the face of

Moses.

“The Bible is the Book upon which this Republic rests.” Andrew Jackson, Seventh President of

the United States

“The moral principles and precepts contained in the Scriptures ought to form the basis of all our

civil constitutions and laws. All the miseries and evils which men suffer from vice, crime,

ambition, injustice, oppression, slavery, and war, proceed from their despising or neglecting the

precepts of the Bible.” Noah Webster

A SUMMARY OF THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO

The Communist Manifesto represents a misguided philosophy, which teaches the citizens to

give up their RIGHTS for the sake of the “common good,” but it always ends in a police state.

This is called preventive justice.

Control is the key concept. Read carefully:

1. Abolition of private property.

2. Heavy progressive income tax.

3. Abolition of all rights on inheritance.

4. Confiscation of property of all emigrants and rebels.

5. Central bank.

6. Government control of Communications & Transportation.

7. Government ownership of factories and agriculture.

8. Government control of labor.

9. Corporate farms, regional planning.

10. Government control of education.

GIVE UP RIGHTS FOR THE “COMMON GOOD”?

Where people fear the government you have tyranny; where the government fears the people,

you have liberty.

Politicians, bureaucrats and especially judges would have you believe that too much freedom

will result in chaos. Therefore, we should gladly give up some of our RIGHTS for the good of

the community. In other words, people acting in the name of the government, say we need

more laws and more JURORS to enforce these laws—even if we have to give up some

RIGHTS in the process. They believe the more laws we have, the more control, thus a better

society. THis theory may sound good on paper, and apparently many of our leaders think this

way, as evidenced by the thousands of new laws that are added to the books each year in this

country. But, no matter how cleverly this Marxist argument is made, the hard fact is that

whenever you give up a RIGHT you lose a “FREE CHOICE”!

This adds another control. Control’s real name is BONDAGE! The logical conclusion would be, if

giving up some RIGHTS produces a better society, then by giving up all RIGHTS we could

produce a perfect society. We could chain everybody to a tree, for lack of TRUST. This may

prevent crime, but it would destroy PRIVACY, which is the heartbeat of FREEDOM! It would

also destroy TRUST which is the foundation for DIGNITY. Rather than giving up RIGHTS, we

should be giving up wrongs! The opposite of control is not chaos. More laws do not make less

criminals! We must give up wrongs, not rights, for a better society! William Pitt of the British

House of Commons once proclaimed, “Necessity is the plea for every infringement of human

liberty; it is the argument of tyrants; it is the creed of slaves.”

INALIENABLE, [UNALIENABLE] OR NATURAL RIGHTS!

NATURAL RIGHTS ARE THOSE RIGHTS such as life (from conception), LIBERTY and the

PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS e.g. FREEDOM of RELIGION, SPEECH, LEARNING, TRAVEL,

SELF-DEFENSE, ETC. Hence laws and statutes, which violate NATURAL RIGHTS, though they

may have the color of law, are not law but impostors! The U.S. Constitution was written to protect

these NATURAL RIGHTS from being tampered with by legislators. * Further, our forefathers also

wisely knew that the U.S. Constitution would be utterly worthless to restrain government

legislators unless it was clearly understood that the people had the right to compel the government

to keep within the Constitutional limits.

*Lysander Spooner wrote as follows:

“Government is established for the protection of the weak against the strong. This is the principal,

if not the sole motive for the establishment of all legitimate government. It is only the weaker party

that loses their liberties, when a government becomes oppressive. The stronger party, in all

governments are free by virtue of their superior strength. They never oppress themselves.

Legislation is the work of the stronger party; and if, in addition to the sole power of legislation,

they have the sole power of determining what legislation shall be enforced, they have all power in

their hands, and the weaker party are the subjects of an absolute government. Unless the weaker

party have veto, they have no power whatever in the government . . . no liberties . . . The trial by

jury is the only institution that gives the weaker party any veto upon the power of the stronger.

Consequently it is the only institution that gives them any effective voice in the government, or any

guaranty against oppression.

ESSAY on the TRIAL by Jury

JURY TAMPERING?

A JURY’s Rights, Powers and Duties:

The Charge to the JURY in the First JURY Trial before the supreme* Court of the U.S.

Illustrates the TRUE POWER OF THE JURY. In the February term of 1794, the supreme

Court conducted a JURY trial and said “. . . it is presumed, that the juries are the best judges of

facts; it is, on the other hand, presumed that the courts are the best judges of law. But still both

objects are within our power of decision.”

“You have a right to take upon yourselves to judge of both, and to determine the law as well as

the fact in controversy.” -(State of Georgia vs. Brailsford, et al, 3 Dall. 1)

“The JURY has an unreviewable and unreversible power . . . to acquit in disregard of the

instructions on the law given by the trial judge . . .” (emphasis added) U.S. vs. Dougherty, 473

F 2nd 1113, 1139 (1972)

Hence, JURY disregard of the limited and generally conviction-oriented evidence presented for

its consideration, and JURY disregard for what the trial judge wants them to believe is the

controlling law in particular case (sometimes referred to as “JURY lawlessness”)* is not

something to be scrupulously avoided, but rather encouraged. Witness the following quotation

from the eminent legal authority above-mentioned: “Jury lawlessness is the greatest corrective

of law in its actual administration. The will of the state at large imposed on a reluctant

community, the will of a majority imposed on a vigorous and determined minority, find the

same obstacle in the local JURY that formerly confronted kings and ministers.” (emphasis

added) (Dougherty cited above, note 32 at 1130)

*Supreme is not capitalized in the Constitution, however Behavior is.

*Jury lawlessness means willingness to nullify bad law.

The Right of the JURY to be Told of Its Power

Almost every JURY in the land is falsely instructed by the judge when it is told it must accept

as the law that which is given to them by the court, and that the JURY can decide only the facts

of the case. This is to destroy the purpose of a Common Law JURY, and to permit the

imposition of tyranny upon a people.

“There is nothing more terrifying than ignorance in action.” Goethe (engraved on a plaque at

the Naval War College)

“To embarrass justice by a multiplicity of laws, or to hazard it by confidence in judges, are the

opposite rocks on which all civil instructions have been wrecked.” Johnson (engraved in

Minnesota State Capitol Outside the Supreme Court Chambers)

“. . . The letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life.” II Corinthians 3:6

“It is error alone which needs the support of government. truth can stand by itself.” Thomas

Jefferson

The JURY’S options are by no means limited to the choices presented to it in the courtroom.

“The jury gets its understanding as to the arrangements in the legal system from more than one

voice. There is the formal communication from the ‘judge.’ There is informal communication

from the total culture—literature; current comment, conversation; and, of course, history and

tradition.” (Dougherty cited above, at 1135)

LAWS, FACTS AND EVIDENCE!

Without the power to decide what facts, law and evidence are applicable, JURIES cannot be a

protection to the accused. If people acting in the name of government are permitted by

JURORS to dictate any law whatever, they can also unfairly dictate what evidence is admissible

or inadmissible and thereby prevent the WHOLE TRUTH from being considered. Thus if

government can manipulate and control both the law and the evidence, the issue of fact

becomes virtually irrelevant. In reality, true JUSTICE would be denied leaving us with a trial

by government and not a trial by JURY!

HOW DOES TYRANNY BEGIN?

WHY ARE THERE SO MANY LAWS?

Heroes are men of glory who are so honored because of some heroic deed. People often out of

gratitude yield allegiance to them. Honor and allegiance are nice words for power! Power and

allegiance can only be held rightfully by trust as a result of continued character.

When people acting in the name of government violate ethics, they break trust with “WE THE

PEOPLE.” The natural result is for “WE THE PEOPLE” to pull back power (honor and

allegiance).

The loss of power creates fear for those losing the power. Fearing loss of power, people acting

in the name of government often seek to regain or at least hold their power. Hence, to

legitimize their quest for control, laws and force are often instituted.

Unchecked power is the foundation of tyranny. It is the JUROR’S duty to use the JURY

ROOM as a vehicle to stem the tide of oppression and tyranny:

To prevent bloodshed by peacefully removing power from those who have abused it. The

JURY is the primary vehicle for peaceful restoration of LIBERTY, POWER AND HONOR TO

“WE THE PEOPLE!”

YOUR VOTE COUNTS!

Your vote of NOT Guilty must be respected by all members of the JURY— it is the RIGHT

and DUTY of a JUROR to Never, Never, Never yield his or her sacred vote—for you are not

there as a fool, merely to agree with the majority, but as an officer of the court and a qualified

judge in your own right. Regardless of the pressures or abuse that may be heaped on you by

any other members of the JURY with whom you may be in good conscience to disagree, you

can await the reading of the verdict secure in the knowledge you have voted your own

conscience and convictions—and not those of someone else.

YOU ARE NOT A RUBBER STAMP!

By what logic do we send our youth to battle tyranny on foreign soil, while we refuse to do so

in our courts? Did you know that many of the planks of the “Communist Manifesto” are now

represented by law in the U.S.? How is it possible for Americans to denounce communism and

practice it simultaneously.

The JURY judges the Spirit, Motive and Intent of both law and the Accused, whereas the

prosecutor only represents the letter of the law.

Therein lies the opportunity for the accomplishment of “LIBERTY and JUSTICE for ALL.” If

you, and numerous other JURORS throughout the State and nation begin and continue to bring

in verdicts of NOT GUILTY in such cases where nam-made statute is defective or oppressive,

these statutes will become as ineffective as if they had never been written.

“If we love wealth better than liberty, the tranquility of servitude better than the animating

contest of freedom, go home from us in peace. We ask not your counsels or your arms. Crouch

down and lick the hands which feed you. May your chains set lightly upon you, and may

posterity forget that ye were our countrymen.” Samuel Adams

SEC. II GIVE ME LIBERTY OR GIVE ME DEATH!

PATRICK HENRY SHOCKED!

Young Christian attorney Patrick Henry saw why a JURY of PEERS is so vital to FREEDOM!

It was March 1775 when he rode into the small town of Culpeper, Va. He was totally shocked

by what he saw! There, in the middle of the town square was a minister tied to a whipping post,

his back laid bare and bloody with the bones of his ribs showing. He had been scourged like

JESUS, with whips laced with metal.

Patrick henry is quoted as saying: “When they stopped beating him, I could see the bones of his

rib cage. I turned to someone and asked what the man had done to deserve a beating such as

this.”

SCOURGED FOR NOT TAKING A LICENSE!

The reply given him was that the man being scourged was a minister who refused to take a

license. He was one of twelve who were locked in jail because they refused to take a license.

A license often becomes an arbitrary control by the government that makes a crime out of what

ordinarily would not be a crime. IT TURNS A RIGHT INTO A PRIVILEGE!

Three days later they scourged him to death.

This was the incident, which sparked Christian attorney Patrick Henry to write the famous

words which later would become the rallying cry of the Revolution. “What is it that gentlemen

wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price

of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take, but

as for me, GIVE ME LIBERTY OR GIVE ME DEATH!” Later he made this part of his

famous speech at St. John’s Episcopal Church in Williamsburg, Va.

JURY OF PEERS

Our forefathers felt that in order to have JUSTICE, it is obvious that a JURY of “PEERS” must

be people who actually know the defendant. How else would they be able to judge motive and

intent?

“PEERS” of the defendant, like RIGHTS of the JURY have also been severely tarnished.

Originally, it meant people of “equals in station and rank,” (Black’s 1910), “free-holders of a

neighborhood,” (Bouvier’s 1886), or “A companion; a fellow; an associate. (Webster’s 1828).

WHO HAS THE RIGHT TO SIT ON A JURY?

Patrick Henry, along with others, was deeply concerned as to who has a right to sit on a JURY.

Listen to our forefathers wisdom on the subject of “PEERS.”

MR. HENRY

“By the bill of rights of England, a subject has a right to a trial by his peers. What is meant by

peers? Those who reside near him, his neighbors, and who are well acquainted with his

character and situation in life.” Patrick Henry (Elliot, “The Debates in Several State

Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, 3:579)

Patrick Henry also knew that originally the JURY of PEERS was designed as a protection for

Neighbors from outside governmental oppression. Henry states the following, “Why do we

love this trial by jury? Because it prevents that hand of oppression from cutting you off . . .

THis gives me comfort—that, as long as I have existence, my neighbors will protect me.”

(Elliot, 3:545, 546).

MR. HOLMES

Mr. Holmes, from Massachusetts, argued strenuously that for JUSTICE to prevail, the case

must be heard in the vicinity where the fact was committed by a JURY of PEERS. “ . . . a jury

of peers would, from their local situation, have an opportunity to form a judgement of the

CHARACTER of the person charged with the crime, and also to judge of the CREDIBILITY of

the witnesses.” (Elliot, 2:110).

MR. WILSON

Mr. Wilson, signer of “The unanimous Declaration,” who also later became a supreme Court

Justice, stressed the importance of the JURORS knowing personally both the defendant and the

witnesses. “Where jurors can be acquainted with the characters of the parties and the

witnesses—where the whole cause can be brought within their knowledge and view—I know

no mode of investigation equal to that by a trial by jury: they hear every thing that is alleged;

they not only hear the words, but they see and mark the features of the countenance; they can

judge of weight due to such testimony; and moreover, it is a cheap and expeditious manner of

distributing justice. There is another advantage annexed to the trial by jury; the jurors may

indeed return a mistaken or ill-founded verdict’ but their errors cannot be systematical.” (Elliot,

2:516)

FREEDOM FOR WILLIAM PENN

“Those people who are not governed by GOD will be ruled by tyrants.” William Penn

Edward Bushnell and three fellow JURORS learned this lesson well. They refused to bow to the

court. They believed in the absolute power of the JURY, though their eight companions

cowered to the court. The four JURORS spent nine weeks of torture in prison, often without

food and water, soaked with urine, smeared with feces, barely able to stand, and even

threatened with fines, yet they would not give in to the judge. Edward Bushnell said, “My

liberty is not for sale,” though he had great wealth and commanded an international shipping

enterprise. These “bumble heads”, so the court thought, proved the power of the people was

stronger than any power of government. They emerged total victors.

THE FIRST AMENDMENT

The year was 1670, and the case Bushnell sat on was that of William Penn, who was on trial for

violation of a “Conventicle Act.” This was an elaborate Act which made the Church of

England the only legal church. The Act was struck down by their not guilty vote. Freedom of

Religion was established and became part of the English Bill of Rights and later it became the

First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In addition, the Right to peaceful assembly was

founded, Freedom of Speech, and also habeas corpus. The first such writ of habeas corpus ever

issued by the Court of Common Pleas was issued to free Edward Bushnell. Later this trial gave

birth to the concept of Freedom of the press.

Had Bushnell and his colleagues yielded to the guilty verdict sought by the judge and

prosecutor, William Penn most likely would have been executed as he clearly broke the law.

HE BROKE THE LAW!

There would have been no Liberty Bell, no Independence Hall, no city of Philadelphia, and no

state called Pennsylvania, for young William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania, and leader of the

Quakers, was on trial for his life. His alleged crime was preaching and teaching a different

view of the Bible than that of the Church of England. This appears innocent today, but then,

one could be executed for such actions. He believed in freedom of religion, freedom of speech

and the right to peaceful assembly. He had broken to government’s law, but he had injured no

one. The four heroic JURORS knew that only when actual injury to someone’s person or

property take place is there a real crime. No law is broken when no injury can be shown. Thus

there can be no loss or termination of rights unless actual damage is proven. Many imposter

laws were repealed as a result of this.

IT IS ALMOST UNFAIR!

The trial made such an impact the every colony but one established the jury as the first liberty

to maintain all other liberties. It was felt that the liberties of people could never be wholly lost

as long as the jury remained strong and independent, and that unjust laws and statutes could not

stand when confronted by conscientious JURORS. JURORS today face an avalanche of

imposter laws. JURORS not only still have the power and the RIGHT, but also the DUTY, to

nullify bad laws by voting “not guilty.” At first glance it appears that it is almost unfair, the

power JURORS have over government, but necessary when considering the historical track

record of oppression that governments have wielded over private citizens.

JEFFERSON’S WARNINGS!

In 1789 Thomas Jefferson warned that the judiciary if given too much power might ruin our

REPUBLIC, and destroy our RIGHTS!

“The new Constitution has secured these [individual rights] in the Executive and legislative

departments: but not in the Judiciary. It should have established trials by the people

themselves, that is to say, by jury.”

The Judiciary of the United States is the subtle corps of sappers and miners constantly working

under ground to undermine the foundations of our confederated fabric.” (1820)

“. . . the Federal Judiciary; an irresponsible body (for impeachment is scarcely a scarecrow),

working like gravity by night and by day, gaining a little to-day and a little to-morrow, and

advancing its noiseless step like a thief, over the field of jurisdiction, until all shall be usurped

from the States, and the government of all be consolidated into one.

. . . when all government . . . in little as in great things, shall be drawn to Washington as the

centre of all power, it will render powerless the checks provided of one government on another

and will become as venal and oppressive as the government from which we separated. (1821)

“The opinion which gives to the judges the right to decide what laws are constitutional and

what are not, not only for themselves in their own sphere of action, but for the legislative and

executive also in their spheres, would make the judiciary a despotic branch.

“. . . judges should be withdrawn from the bench whose erroneous biases are leading us to

dissolution. It may, indeed, injure them in fame or fortune; but it saves the Republic. . .”

SEC. III INDEX TO THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS

GENERAL INDEX TO:

THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION

I. Need to dissolve certain political relationships.

II. Need to assume powers which God entitles man.

III. Declaring separation from an unjust government.

IV. Self-evident truths elaborated.

A. All men are created equal.

B. God our Creator gives to each unalienable Rights

1. Life, Liberty, Happiness, property, safety, respect, privacy, etc.

C. The purpose of government is to protect the weak from the strong.

1. Fact: The Revolution was not out of rebellion by the colonies, but rather England

rebelled against God’s Law by repeated injuries of usurpation and tyranny. The

young colonies were forced to defend themselves against England’s tyranny.

a. eg. Bad laws, bad courts, police state (swarms of soldiers), taxes without

consent, deprived of trial by jury, deporting people for trial, England declared

the colonies out of their protection, rights of individuals plundered.

b. The colonies repeatedly petitioned England, but only received repeated injury.

c. England was warned from time to time.

d. England was deaf to the voice of justice.

V. The colonies appealed to God the Supreme Judge of the world.

VI. The colonies right to be free and independent.

VII. Under the protection of God they pledged their lives, fortunes and honor.

GENERAL INDEX TO:

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

Preamble: The people hold the power: “We the People . . . in order to form a more perfect

union, . . . and secure the blessing of liberty . . .”

ARTICLE I.

SECTION.

1. Legislative powers.

2. House of representatives; qualifications of members; appointment of representatives and

direct taxes; census; first appointment; vacancies; officers of the house; impeachments.

3. Senate, classification of senators; qualifications of; vice president to preside; other officers;

trial of impeachments.

4. Election of members of congress; time assembling of congress.

5. Powers of each house; punishment for disorderly Behaviour; journal; adjournments.

6. Compensation and privileges; disabilities of members.

7. Revenue bills; passage and approval of bills; orders and resolutions.

8. General powers of congress; borrowing money; regulating commerce; naturalization and

bankruptcy; money; weights and measures; counterfeiting; post offices; patents and

copyrights; inferior courts; piracies and felonies; war; marque and reprisal; armies; navy;

land and naval forces; calling the militia; District of Columbia; to enact laws necessary to

enforce the Constitution.

9. Limitations of congress; migration; writ; of habeas corpus; bills of attainder and ex post

facto laws prohibited; direct taxes; exports not to be taxed; interstate shipping; drawing

money from the treasury; financial statements to be published; titles of nobility and favors

from foreign powers prohibited.

10. Limitations of the individual states; no treaties; letters of marque and reprisal; no coining of

money; bills of credit; not allowed to make any Thing but gold and silver Coin for payment

of debts; no bills of attainder; ex post facto Law or law impairing the obligation of

contracts; no title of nobility; state imposts and duties; further restrictions on state powers.

ARTICLE II.

SECTION

1. Executive powers; electors; qualifications, vacancy, compensation and Oath of the

president.

2. Powers and duties of the president; making of treaties; powers of appointments.

3. Other powers and duties.

4. All government officers are liable to impeachment.

ARTICLE III.

SECTION

1. Judicial powers; all judges must have good Behaviour to stay in office; compensation not to

be diminished.

2. Jurisdiction of federal courts and supreme court; trials for crime by jury except

impeachment.

3. Treason defined; trial for and punishment.

ARTICLE IV.

SECTION

1. Message to the states; each state is to give full faith and credit to public acts and records of

other states.

2. Citizens of each state shall be entitled; fleeing from justice.

3. Admission of new states; power of congress over territories.

4. Republican form of government guaranteed to every state; protection from invasion or

domestic violence.

ARTICLE V.

SECTION

1. Amending the Constitution.

ARTICLE VI.

SECTION

1. National obligations; Public debt; Constitution to be the supreme Law of the land;

Constitutional Oath of office; no religious test required.

ARTICLE VII.

SECTION

1. Ratification of the Constitution; George Washington signs Twelfhindi, the highest ranking

Saxon government, eg. He was equal of 1200 King Georges, or you as a juror are equal to

1200 presidents, congressmen or judges, local, federal or of the supreme Court.

GENERAL INDEX TO:

THE BILL OF RIGHTS

and Amendments

PREAMBLE: Limiting the federal government: An expressed desire to prevent abuse of federal

powers!

ARTICLES—COMMON LAW

I. Religious freedom, both to an establishment as well as the free exercise thereof; freedom of

speech, press; right of petition.

II. Right to bear arms.

III. Quartering of soldiers.

IV. The right to privacy and security against unreasonable search and seizures; search warrants.

V. Grand Jury, double jeopardy, no one must witness against himself, no loss of life, liberty or

property without due process.

VI. Speedy and public trials, impartial jury; nature and cause, right to confront; compulsory

witnesses, assistance of Counsel—note, does not say attorney.

VII. Right to trial by jury according to the rules of common law—Ten Commandments are the

foundation of Common Law.

VIII. Excessive bail, fines, punishment etc. prohibited.

IX. Rights beyond Bill of Rights belong to the people.

X. Undelegated powers belong to the people unless given by the people to the states.

Articles I-X were proposed Sept. 25, 1789, ratified Dec. 15, 1791.

AMENDMENTS—EQUITY LAW

XI. Restriction of judicial powers, proposed Mar. 5, 1794, adopted Jan.

8, 1798.

XII. Manner of electing the president and vice president, proposed Dec.

12, 1803, adopted Sept. 25, 1904.

XIII. Slavery and involuntary servitude prohibited, took effect* Dec. 18, 1865.

XIV. Citizenship and status defined, privilege of 2nd, 3rd, or whatever status of citizenship one

selects for oneself, as opposed to Freeholder with full sovereign rights; apportionment of

representatives; who is prohibited from holding office; public debt. Caution: There is

serious doubt as to the legality of this amendment because of the manner of ratification

which was highly suspect. At least 10 States were held by force of arms until the proper

authorities agreed to vote for this amendment. An excellent overview of this was written by

the Utah Supreme Court -- 439 Pacific Reporter 2d Series pp 266-276, and for a more

detailed account of how the 14th amendment was forced upon the Nation see articles in 11

S.C. L. Q. 484 and 28 Tul. L. Rev. 22., took effect July 28, 1868.

XV. Non Freeholders given right to vote, took effect Mar. 30, 1870.

XVI. Income tax, took effect Feb. 25, 1913, possibly only four states ratified it properly.

XVII. Direct elections of senators; electors; vacancies in the senate, took effect May 31, 1913.

This moved us from a complex Republic to a simple Republic much like the style of

government of the Soviet Union. State rights were lost and we were plunged headlong into

a democracy of which our forefathers warned was the vilest form of government because it

always ends in oppression.

XVIII. Prohibition of liquor traffic, took effect Jan. 29, 1920.

XIX. Voting for women, took effect Aug. 27, 1920.

XX. Terms of the president, vice president, senators and representatives; date of assembling of

congress, vacancies of the president, power of congress in presidential succession, took

effect Feb. 6, 1933.

XXI. Eighteenth Article repealed; took effect Dec. 5, 1933.

XXII. Limits of the presidential term, took effect mar. 1, 1951.

XXIII. Electors for the District of Columbia, took effect April 3, 1961.

XXIV. Failure to pay any tax does not deny one the right to vote, took effect Feb. 4, 1964.

XXV. Filling the office of the president or vice president during a vacancy, took effect Feb. 23,

1967.

XXVI. Right to vote at 18, took effect July 5, 1971.

 Took effect is used as there is a great deal of suspicion as to the nature of these

amendments (common law vs equity), also whether the last 16 amendments are legal,

how many were ratified correctly, do they create a federal constitution in opposition to

the original, etc. For further studies a good place to begin is with the article by the Utah

Supreme Court on the 14th amendment, 439 Pacific Reporter 2d Series, pp 266-276, and

Senate Doc. 240.

In Congress, July 4, 1776.

The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America When in the Course of

human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have

connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and

equal station to which, the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to

the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the

separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by

their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit

of Happiness.

That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers

from the consent of the governed.

That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of

the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on

such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to

effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long

established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience

hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right

themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of

abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them

under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to

provide new Guards for their future security.

Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which

constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King

of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the

establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to

a candid world.

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless

suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has

utterly neglected to attend to them.

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless

those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable

to them and formidable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the

depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with

his measures.

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his

invasions on the rights of the people.

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby

the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their

exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from

without, and convulsions within.

He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the

Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations

hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.

He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing

Judiciary powers.

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount

and payment of their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our

People, and eat out their substance.

He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our

legislatures.

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and

unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:

For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should

commit on the Inhabitants of these States:

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein

an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and

fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally

the Forms of our Governments:

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate

for us in all cases whatsoever.

He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War

against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our

people.

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of

death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely

paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.

He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against

their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by

their Hands.

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the

inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an

undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms:

Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character

is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from

time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.

We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have

appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our

common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our

connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of

consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our

Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.

We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress,

Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do,

in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and

declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States;

that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political

connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved;

and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace,

contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which

Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm

reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives,

our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.

SIGNERS OF THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION

According to the Authenticated List printed by

Order of Congress of January 18, 1877

JOHN HANCOCK.

New Hampshire

JOSIAH BARTLETT

WILLIAM WHIPPLE

MATTHEW THORNTON

Massachusetts-Bay

SAMUEL ADAMS

JOHN ADAMS

ROBERT TREAT PAINE

ELBRIDGE GERRY

Rhode Island

STEPHEN HOPKINS

WILLIAM ELLERY

Connecticut

ROGER SHERMAN

SAMUEL HUNTINGTON

WILLIAM WILLIAMS

OLIVER WOLCOTT

Georgia

BUTTON GWINNETT

LYMAN HALL

GEO. WALTON

Maryland

SAMUEL CHASE

WILLIAM PACA

THOMAS STONE

CHARLES CARROLL

OF CARROLLTON

Virginia

GEORGE WYTHE

RICHARD HENRY LEE

THOMAS JEFFERSON

BENJAMIN HARRISON

THOMAS NELSON, JR.

FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT

LEE CARTER BRAXTON.

New York

WILLIAM FLOYD

PHILIP LIVINGSTON

FRANCIS LEWIS

LEWIS MORRIS

Pennsylvania

ROBERT MORRIS

BENJAMIN RUSH

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

JOHN MORTON

GEORGE CLYMER

JAMES SMITH

GEORGE TAYLOR

JAMES WILSON

GEORGE ROSS

Delaware

CAESAR RODNEY

GEORGE READ

THOMAS M’KEAN

North Carolina

WILLIAM HOOPER

JOSEPH HEWES

JOHN PENN

South Carolina

EDWARD RUTLEDGE

THOMAS HEYWARD, JR.

THOMAS LYNCH, JR.

ARTHUR MIDDLETON

New Jersey

RICHARD STOCKTON

JOHN WITHERSPOON

FRANCIS HOPKINS

JOHN HART

ABRAHAM CLARK

YOUR TURN!

You—as a juror—armed merely with the knowledge of what a COMMON LAW JURY really

is and what your common law rights, powers and duties really are, can do more to re-establish

“liberty and justice for all” in this State and ultimately throughout all of the United States than

all out Senators and Representatives put together. Why? Because even without the

concurrence of any of your fellow jurors in a criminal trial, you, with your single vote of “NOT

GUILTY” can nullify every rule or “law” that is not in accordance with the principles of

natural, God-given, Common, or Constitutional Law. It is precisely this power of nullification

that makes the trial by JURY one of our most important RIGHTS. It can protect and preserve

all of the citizen’s other RIGHTS.

 

 


 

 

 

The CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

 

Preamble

WE THE PEOPLE* of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, ESTABLISH

JUSTICE, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general

welfare, and SECURE THE BLESSINGS OF LIBERTY TO OURSELVES AND OUR

POSTERITY, do ORDAIN and ESTABLISH this Constitution for the United States of

America.

 Originally, the Constitution had no title but simply began “We the People...”

 

ARTICLE I

SECTION 1. ALL LEGISLATIVE POWERS HEREIN GRANTED SHALL BE VESTED IN A

CONGRESS of the UnitedStates, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of

Representatives.

SECTION 2. The house of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every

second Year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the

Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.

No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty-five

Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be

an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

Representatives and DIRECT TAXES SHALL BE APPORTIONED AMONG THE SEVERAL

STATES which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers,

which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of FREE PERSONS, including

those bound to Service for a term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all

other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting

of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such

Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for

every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at Least one Representative; and until such

enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Rhode

Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four,

Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South

Carolina five, and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof

shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the

sole Power of Impeachment.

SECTION 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each

State, [chosen by the legislature thereof] 3 for six years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be

divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The seats of the Senators of the first Class shall

be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second class at the Expiration of the

fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one-third may be

chosen every second Year; [and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the

Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary

Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been

nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of

that State for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote,

unless they be equally divided.

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of

the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose,

they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief

Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of

the members present.

Judgement in case of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and

disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States;

but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgement

and punishment, according to law.

Sect. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives,

shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by

law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of chusing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first

Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

Sect. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own

members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number

may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent

members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each house shall provide.

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly

behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same,

excepting such parts as may in their judgement require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the

members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be

entered on the journal.

Neither house, during the sessions of Congress, shall without the consent of the other, adjourn

for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be

sitting.

Sect. 6. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be

ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases,

except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance

at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for

any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to

any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the

emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no person holding any

office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in

office.

Sect. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives; but the

senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.

Every bill which shall have passed the house of representatives and the senate, shall before it

become law, be presented to the president of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it,

but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that house it which it shall have originated,

who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after

such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,

together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and

if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of

both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and

against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be

returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented

to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by

their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of

Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to

the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by

him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of

Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.

Sect. 8.. The Congress shall have power:

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the

common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises

shall be uniform throughout the United States;

To borrow money on the credit of the United States;

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian

tribes;

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies

throughout the United States;

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights

and measures;

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United

States;

To establish post offices and post roads;

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and

inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;

To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court;

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the

law of nations;

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on

land and water;

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer

term than two years;

To provide and maintain a navy;

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections

and repel invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of

them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States

respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according

to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such

district (not exceeding ten square miles) as may, by cession of particular

States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of

the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased

by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be,

for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other

needful buildings; - And

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing

powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States,

or in any department or officer thereof.

Sect. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall

think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand

eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding

ten dollars for each person.

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of

rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.

No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.

No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or

enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given for

any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another: nor shall

vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.

No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law;

and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall

be published from time to time.

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no person holding any office of

profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present,

emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.

Sect. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque

and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender

in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the

obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports,

except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce

of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the

Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of

the Congress. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep

troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state,

or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger

as will not admit of delay.

ARTICLE II

Sect. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America. He

shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the vice-president, chosen

for the same term, be elected as follows.

Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of

electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the state may be

entitled in the Congress: but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or

profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.

The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom

one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a

list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign

and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to

the president of the senate. The president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and

House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The

person having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority

of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such

majority, and have an equal number of votes, the house of representatives shall immediately

chose by ballot one of them for president; and if no person have a majority, then from the five

highest on the list the said house shall in like manner chose the president. But in choosing the

president, the vote shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a

quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states,

and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of

the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the vicepresident.

But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the senator shall chose

from them by ballot the vice-president.

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall

give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.

No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the

adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president; neither shall any person

be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been

fourteen years a resident within the United States.

In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to

discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-president,

and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability,

both of the president and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as president, and

such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a president shall be

elected.

The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither

be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall

not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.

Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:

“I DO SOLEMNLY SWEAR (OR AFFIRM).THAT I WILL FAITHFULLY EXECUTE THE

OFFICE OF PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, AND WILL TO THE BEST OF MY

ABILITY, PRESERVE, PROTECT AND DEFEND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE

UNITED STATES.”

Sect. 2. The president shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States,

and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States;

he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive

departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have

power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of

impeachment.

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties,

provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the

advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls,

judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are

not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the Congress

may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the president

alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the

senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.

Sect. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the union,

and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient;

he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of

disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to

such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he

shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the

United States.

Sect. 4. The president, vice-president and all civil officers of the United States, shall be

removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high

crimes and misdemeanors.

ARTICLE III

Sect. 1. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme court, and in

such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges,

both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall,

at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during

their continuance in office.

Sect. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this

constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under

their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all

cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall

be a party; to controversies between two or more states, between a state and Citizens of another

state, between Citizens of different states, between Citizens of the same state claiming lands

under grants of different States, and between a state, or the Citizens thereof and foreign States,

Citizens or subjects.

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a

state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases

before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact,

with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be

held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed

within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have

directed.

Sect. 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in

adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason

unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on open confession in open

court.

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason

shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.

ARTICLE IV

Sect. 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial

proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner

in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

Sect. 2. The Citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of Citizens

in the several states.

A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice,

and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from

which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.

No person held to service or labour in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another,

shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or

labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be

due.

Sect. 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union; but no new state shall be

formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the

junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the

states concerned as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations

respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this

Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any

particular state.

Sect. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a Republican form of

government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the

legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic

violence.

ARTICLE V.

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose

amendments to this constitution, or, on the application of two-thirds of the several states, shall

call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents

and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of

the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of

ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided, that no amendment which may be

made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first

and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, without its consent,

shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate.

ARTICLE VI

All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution,

shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the confederation.

This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof;

and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be

the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in

the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.

The senators and representatives beforementioned, and the members of the several state

legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several

States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this constitution; but no religious test

shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.

ARTICLE VII

The ratification of the conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the establishment of

this constitution between the States so ratifying the same.

Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of

September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the

independence of the United States the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed

our Names.

GEORGE WASHINGTON, president,

And Deputy from Virginia.

In CONVENTION,

Monday, September 17th, 1787.

PRESENT

The States of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Mr. Hamilton from New-York,

New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina and

Georgia:

RESOLVED,

That the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled, and

that it is the opinion of this Convention, that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention

of Delegates, chosen in each State by the People thereof, under the Recommendation of its

legislature, for their Assent and Ratification; and that each Convention assenting to, and

ratifying the Same, should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled.

Resolved, That it is the Opinion of this Convention, that as soon as the Conventions of nine

States shall have ratified this Constitution, the United States in Congress assembled should fix a

Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified the same,

and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President, and the Time and

Place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution. That after such Publication the

Electors should be appointed, and the Senators and Representatives elected: That the Electors

should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President, and should transmit their Votes

certified, signed, sealed and directed, as the Constitution requires, to the Secretary of the United

States in Congress assembled, that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the

Time and Place assigned; that the Senators should appoint a President of the Senate, for the sole

Purpose of receiving, opening and counting the Votes for President; and, that after he shall be

chosen, the Congress, together with the President, should, without Delay, proceed to execute

this Constitution.

By the Unanimous Order of the Convention,

GEORGE WASHINGTON, President,

WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary

New-Hampshire John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman

Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King

Connecticut William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman

New-York Alexander Hamilton

New-Jersey William Livingston, David Brearley, William Paterson, Jonathan Dayton,

Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Miffin, Robert Morris, George Clymer,

Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris,

Delaware George Read, Gunning Bedford, Junior, John Dickinson,

Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom.

Maryland James M’Henry, Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer, Daniel Carrol

Virginia John Blair, James Madison, Junior

North-Carolina William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson.

South-Carolina John Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce

Butler.

Georgia William Few, Abraham Baldwin.

attest, William Jackson, Secretary

 

 


 

 

The BILL OF RIGHTS

As provided in the FIRST TEN AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE

UNITED STATES Effective December 15, 1791

Preamble to the bill of rights of the Constitution of the United States of America

Conventions of a number of States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution,

expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further

declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public

confidence in the Government, will but ensure the beneficent ends of its institution

RESOLVED...the following articles be ... part of the said Constitution;

NOTE: THIS PREAMBLE IS NOT OFFICIALLY A PART OF THE CONSTITUTION

ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE

LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF

THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION

AMENDMENT I (1791)

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free

exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or the press; or the right of the people

peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

AMENDMENT II

(1791)

A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State,the right of the people to

keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

AMENDMENT III

(1791)

No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner,

nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

AMENDMENT IV

(1791)

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against

unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon

probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be

searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

AMENDMENT V

(1791)

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a

presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or

in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be

subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled

in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property,

without due process_ of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just

compensation.

AMENDMENT VI

(1791)

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an

impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which

district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and

cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory

process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his

defense.

AMENDMENT VII

(1791)

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of

trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any

Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

AMENDMENT VIII

(1791)

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual

punishments inflicted.

AMENDMENT IX

(1791)

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or

disparage others retained by the people.

AMENDMENT X (1791)

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the

States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

AMENDMENT XI

(1795)

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or

equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State,

or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.

AMENDMENT XII

(1804)

The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-

President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves;

they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the

person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as

President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each,

which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the

United States, directed to the President of the Senate; - The President of the Senate shall, in

presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes

shall then be counted; - The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be

the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of the Electors appointed; and

if no person have such a majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not

exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall

choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be

taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose

shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the

states shall be necessary to a choice. [And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a

President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March

next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or

other constitutional disability of the President. -] The person having the greatest number of

votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole

number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest

numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall

consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number

shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of

President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.

AMENDMENT XIII

(1865)

SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime

whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any

place subject to their jurisdiction.

SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

AMENDMENT XIV

(1868)

SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction

thereof, are citizens of the United States and the State wherein they reside. No State shall make

or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United

States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process

of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

SECTION 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their

respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not

taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and

Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial

officers of a State or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male

inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in

any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of

representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male

citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

SECTION 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of

President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or

under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an

officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive

or Judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have

engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies

thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability

SECTION 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including

debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or

rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or

pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States,

or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims

shall be held illegal and void.

SECTION 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the

provisions of this article.

AMENDMENT XV

(1870)

SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged

by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of

servitude.

SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

AMENDMENT XVI

(1913)

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on income, from whatever source

derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or

enumeration.

AMENDMENT XVII

(1913)

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by

the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each

state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State

legislatures.

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority

of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provide, That the legislature of

any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people

fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.

This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator

chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

AMENDMENT XVIII

(1919)

SECTION 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or

transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation

thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage

purposes is hereby prohibited.

SECTION 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this

article by appropriate legislation.

SECTION 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment

to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution,

within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

AMENDMENT XIX

(1920)

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United

States or by any State on account of sex.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

AMENDMENT XX

(1933)

SECTION 1. The terms of the President and Vice-President shall end at noon on the 20th day of

January, and the terms of senators and Representatives at noon on the 3rd day of January, of the

years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms

of their successors shall then begin.

SECTION 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall

begin at noon on the 3rd day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

SECTION 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President

elect shall have died, the Vice-President elect shall become President. If a President shall not

have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect

shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice-President elect shall act as President until a President

shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a

President elect nor a Vice-President elect shall have qualified, declaring who then shall then act

as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall

act accordingly until a President or Vice-President shall have qualified.

SECTION 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons

from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice

shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom

the Senate may choose a Vice-President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon

them.

SECTION 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the

ratification of this article.

SECTION 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment

to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years

from the date of its submission.

AMENDMENT XXI

(1933)

SECTION 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is

hereby repealed.

SECTION 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the

United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof,

is hereby prohibited.

SECTION 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an

amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the

Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the

Congress.

AMENDMENT XXII

(1951)

SECTION 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no

person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a

term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of

President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of

President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who

may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this

Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the

remainder of such term.

SECTION 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment

to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years

from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.

AMENDMENT XXIII

(1961)

SECTION 1. The District constituting the seat of government of the United States shall

appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct:

A number of electors of President and Vice-President equal to the whole number of Senators

and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in

no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the

States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and VicePresident,

to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform

such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.

SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this amendment by appropriate

legislation.

AMENDMENT XXIV

(1964)

SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election

for President or Vice-President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be

denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or

other tax.

SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this amendment by appropriate

legislation.

AMENDMENT XXV

(1967)

SECTION 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation,

the Vice-President shall become President.

SECTION 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice-President, the President

shall nominate a Vice-President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of

both Houses of Congress.

SECTION 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and

the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to

discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written

declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice-President as

acting President.

SECTION 4. Whenever the Vice-President and a majority of either the principal officers of the

executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the

President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their

written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office,

the Vice-President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting

President.

Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the senate and the

Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall

resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice-President and a majority of either the

principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law

provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of

the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge

the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon, Congress shall decide the issue, assembling

within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one

days after the receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within

twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both

Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice-

President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President

shall resume the powers and duties of his office.

AMENDMENT XXVI

(1971)

SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are (18) eighteen years of age or

older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of

age.

SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

“The poorest man may, in his cottage, bid defiance to all the forces of the Crown. It may be

frail, its roof may shake; the wind may blow through it; the storm may enter; the rain may enter;

but the King of England may not enter; all his force dares not cross the threshhold of the ruined

tenement.”

This neglected warning, was sounded by William Pitt before the British House of Commons

addressing the need for PRIVACY—the protection of LIFE, LIBERTY and HAPPINESS. Will

it go unheeded?

PROCLAIM LIBERTY!

Inscribed on our hallowed LIBERTY BELL are these words “PROCLAIM LIBERTY

THROUGHOUT ALL THE LAND UNTO ALL THE INHABITANTS THEREOF.”

 Lev. XXV X

“Government is not reason; it is not eloquence; it is force! Like fire, it is a dangerous servant

and a fearful master.”

 George Washington

“Woe to those who decree unjust statutes and to those who continually record unjust decisions,

to deprive the needy of justice, and to rob the poor of My people of their rights...”

 Isaiah 10:1,2

TAKING THE PLUNGE!

“My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge...!”

 Hosea 4:6

“The only thing necessary for evil to triumph is for good men to do nothing.”

 Edmund Burke 1729-1797

“If My people which are called by My name, shall humble themselves, and pray, and seek My

face, and turn from their wicked ways; then will I hear from Heaven, and will forgive their sin,

and will heal their land.”

 II Chron. 7:14

“We must obey GOD rather than men.”

 Acts 5:29

 

 

 

Dr. Benjamin Rush

"Education is favorable to Liberty. Freedom can only exist in a society of knowledge. Without learning, men are incapable of knowing their rights, and where learning is confined to a few people, Liberty can neither be equal nor universal."

 

 

 

REACH OUT TO OTHERS

[Help Educate Family And Friends With This Page And The Links Below]

 

 




 

 

RELATED LINKS:

The Constitution | Bill of Rights | Free Speech | Miranda Rights | Habeas Corpus |

 http://www.ushistory.org/documents/index.html

 

GAMES TO TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE:

http://billofrightsinstitute.org/resources/student-resources/play-games/ 

 

 

 

 

 

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